Lab+1+Measurements+Brent+Keath

The purpose of this lab was to learn how to use the measuring equipment correctly, calculate volume and density of an object, express answers in significant figures, and calculate absolute error and percent error.
 * Purpose **

The accuracy of the measurements will be low but the Vernier caliper will be the most accurate tool for measuring.
 * Hypothesis **

Card, meterstick, English-SI ruler, Vernier caliper, micrometer, set of density metal cylinders, balance and masses, several wooden blocks of various sizes, and several small spheres.
 * Apparatus **

PART C
 * Procedure **
 * 1) Pick a metal cylinder and measure its diameter and height three times. Record.
 * 2) Calculate the volume of the cylinder. Record.
 * 3) Find the mass of the cylinder and record it grams.
 * 4) Repeat the above procedures for a second cylinder.

PART D
 * 1) Measure the diameter of one of the spheres using a micrometer.
 * 2)  Find the mass of the sphere and record it.
 * 3) Calculate the mass density of the sphere and then compare the answer to the accepted values.
 * 4) <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Repeat the above procedures with a second sphere.


 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Data **

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">PART C

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Cylinder 1 Material: Plastic <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Volume: 21 ml <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Mass: 22.289 g <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Experimental mass density: 1.1 <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Accepted mass density: 1.24 <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Error: 0.14 <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">% Error: 11%
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Trial  ||  <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Length L   ||  <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Diameter D   ||  <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Radius R   ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">No.  ||  <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Cm   ||  <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Cm   ||  <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Cm   ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">1  ||  <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">9.71   ||  <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">1.64   ||  <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">0.82   ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">2  ||  <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">9.71   ||  <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">1.64   ||  <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">0.82   ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">3  ||  <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">9.71   ||  <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">1.64   ||  <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">0.82   ||

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Cylinder 2 Material: Plastic <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Volume: 15.5 ml <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Mass: 17.401 g <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Experimental mass density: 1.12 <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Accepted mass density: 1.24 <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Error: 0.12 <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">% Error: 9.7%
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Trial  ||  <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Length L   ||  <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Diameter D   ||  <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Radius R   ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">No.  ||  <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Cm   ||  <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Cm   ||  <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Cm   ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">1  ||  <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">7.63   ||  <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">1.61   ||  <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">0.805   ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">2  ||  <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">7.63   ||  <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">1.61   ||  <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">0.805   ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">3  ||  <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">7.63   ||  <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">1.61   ||  <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">0.805   ||

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">PART D

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Sphere 1 Material: Aluminum <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Volume: 8.339 ml <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Mass: 20.062 g <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Experimental mass density: 2.406 <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Accepted mass density: 2.7 <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Error: 0.294 <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">% Error: 11%
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Trial  ||  <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Length L   ||  <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Diameter D   ||  <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Radius R   ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">No.  ||  <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Cm   ||  <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Cm   ||  <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Cm   ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">1  ||  <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">2.515   ||  <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">2.515   ||  <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">1.258   ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">2  ||  <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">2.515   ||  <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">2.515   ||  <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">1.258   ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">3  ||  <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">2.515   ||  <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">2.515   ||  <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">1.258   ||

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Sphere 2 Material: Glass <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Volume: 1.496 ml <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Mass: 3.049 g <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Experimental mass density: 2.038 <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Accepted mass density: 2.563 <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Error: 0.525 <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">% Error: 20.5%
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Trial  ||  <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Length L   ||  <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Diameter D   ||  <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Radius R   ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">No.  ||  <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Cm   ||  <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Cm   ||  <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Cm   ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">1  ||  <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">1.419   ||  <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">1.419   ||  <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">0.7095   ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">2  ||  <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">1.419   ||  <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">1.419   ||  <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">0.7095   ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">3  ||  <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">1.419   ||  <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">1.419   ||  <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">0.7095   ||

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Equations <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Volume of a cylinder: ( <span class="texhtml" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">π <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">r <span class="texhtml" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">2L) π*0.82*9.71=21cm3 <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Mass density: (m/v) 22.289 g/21 cm3=1.1g/cm3 <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">% Error: (__Accepted mass density)-(experimental mass density)__ __1.24-1.1__ * 100%=11% <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;"> (Accepted mass density) *100% 1.24 <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Volume of a sphere: (4/3 <span class="texhtml" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">π <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">r <span class="texhtml" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">3) 4/3*π*(1.258 cm)3 = 8.339 cm3 <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">After measuring the cylinders and spheres their volume formulas were used to find their volumes. Then they were weighed them so that those results could be used to find the experimental mass densities. After that the experimental mass densities and the accepted mass densities were used to find the percentage of error. The percent error ranged from 9.7% to 20.5% and mistakes made were most likely due to the micrometer and vernier caliper not being tightened enough around the object and misreading.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Analysis **

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">The vernier caliper was more accurate than the micrometer but they both were very inaccurate because of mistakes made by the group (such as tightening and reading issues). More practice should be done using the measuring tools so that these mistakes are not made in future labs. In the results for sphere one there was 11% error and in the results for sphere two there was 20.5% error. A difference that may have affected the results was both that the glass marble may have had air bubbles and the micrometer when measuring the glass marble may not have been tight enough for fear of breaking and/or cracking the marble. In order to keep future results from having this much error, more practice should be done with the measuring tools and the students should go back over how to read them accurately.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Conclusion **